See also:,,, and British people Total population British 65,600,000 140 million Regions with significant populations 57,678,000 (British citizens of any race or ) 247,899 40,234,652-72,065,000 678,000 12,134,745 609,000 9,031,100 1,300,000 3,400,000 2,425,278 217,000 1,600,000 750,000 700,000 400,000 291,000 250,000 247,899 240,000 236,669 150,000 115,000 79,447 59,000 45,000 44,000 44,000 51,000 41,000 36,000 34,279 34,000 32,000 29,000 27,000 26,000 26,000 25,000 25,000 24,000 15,496 39,989 Languages. People who identify of full or partial British ancestry born into that country. UK-born people who identify of British ancestry only.

British citizens by way of residency in the; however, not all have ancestry from the United Kingdom. British citizens or nationals. British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the,, and. Governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, by descent from British nationals. When used in a historical context, 'British' or 'Britons' can refer to the, the indigenous inhabitants of and, whose surviving members are the modern, and. Although early assertions of being British date from the, the creation of the united in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity.

The notion of was forged during the between Britain and the, and developed further during the. The complex created a 'particular sense of and belonging' in Great Britain and Ireland; Britishness became 'superimposed on much older identities', of,, and cultures, whose distinctiveness still resists notions of a British identity.

Because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic groups that settled in the in and before the 11th century:, Brittonic,,, and.

The progressive political unification of the British Isles facilitated migration, cultural and linguistic exchange, and intermarriage between the peoples of England, Scotland and Wales during the late Middle Ages, and beyond. Since 1922 and earlier, there has been by people from what is now the, the, mainland and elsewhere; they and their descendants are mostly British citizens, with some assuming a British, dual or hyphenated identity.

The British are a diverse,, multicultural and multilingual society, with 'strong regional accents, expressions and identities'. The has changed radically since the 19th century, with a decline in religious observance, enlargement of the, and particularly since the 1950s. The population of the UK stands at around 62.5 million, with a of around 140 million concentrated in,,,,,,, and. See also: The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of Britain may have come from 4th century BC records of the voyage of, a geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the made much reference to them. Pytheas called the islands collectively αἱ Βρεττανίαι ( hai Brettaniai), which has been translated as the Brittanic Isles, and the peoples of what are today,, and the of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί ( Prettanoi), Priteni, Pritani or Pretani.

Some examples of terminal tackle include weights, floats, and swivels. Lures are frequently used in place of bait. Some hobbyists make handmade tackle themselves, including plastic lures and artificial flies. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is known as angling. Big-game fishing is conducted.

The group included, which was referred to as Ierne ( Insula sacra 'sacred island' as the Greeks interpreted it) 'inhabited by the different race of Hiberni' ( gens hibernorum), and Britain as insula Albionum, 'island of the Albions'. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the, who possibly used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. And writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of and as the, the origin of the word Britanni. It has been suggested that this name derives from a description translated as 'people of the forms', referring to the custom of tattooing or painting their bodies with blue woad made from., a 1st-century [ ] Ancient Greek grammarian, and the, a 9th-century lexical encyclopaedia, mention a mythical character Bretannus (the Latinised form of the Βρεττανός) as the father of, mother of Celtus, the eponymous ancestor of the. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for the. However, with the the Latin term was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain south of, although the people of Caledonia and the north were also the self same Britons during the Roman period, the Gaels arriving four centuries later.

Following the, the island of Great Britain was left open to invasion by, seafaring warriors such as -speaking and from, who gained control in areas around the south east, and to -speaking people migrating from what is today to the north of Great Britain (modern ), founding Gaelic kingdoms such as and, which would eventually subsume the native Brittonic and Pictish kingdoms and become Scotland. In this, as Anglo-Saxon culture spread across southern and eastern Britain and Gaelic through much of the north, the demonym 'Briton' became restricted to the Brittonic-speaking inhabitants of what would later be called,, (), and parts of such as,, and.

In addition the term was also applied to in what is today and in north west, both regions having been colonised by Britons in the 5th century fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island. The claimed legendary origins as a prestigious for, followed by the which popularised this pseudo-history to support the claims of the. During the, and particularly in the, the term 'British' was used to refer to the and. At that time, it was 'the long held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the Britons and that they spoke ' '. This notion was supported by texts such as the, a account of ancient British history, written in the mid-12th century. The Historia Regum Britanniae chronicled the lives of in a narrative spanning 2000 years, beginning with the founding the ancient British nation and continuing until the in the 7th century forced the Britons to the west, i.e.

And, and north, i.e., and northern Scotland. This legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the. The Matter of Britain, a, was retold or reinterpreted in works by, a chronicler who in the 12th and 13th centuries used the term British to refer to the people later known as the Welsh. History [ ] Ancestral roots [ ].

This section's factual accuracy is. Relevant discussion may be found on. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are. (September 2016) () The indigenous people of the have a combination of,, and ancestry.

Between the 8th and 11th centuries, 'three major cultural divisions' had emerged in Great Britain: the, the and the, the earlier Brittonic Celtic polities in what are today England and Scotland having finally been absorbed into Anglo-Saxon England and Gaelic Scotland by the early 11th century. The English had been unified under a single in 937 by King after the.

Before then, the English (known then in as the Anglecynn) were under the governance of independent Anglo-Saxon which gradually coalesced into a of seven powerful states, the most powerful of which were and. Scottish historian and archaeologist said that the Battle of Brunanburh would 'define the shape of Britain into the modern era', it was a 'showdown for two very different ethnic identities – a Norse Celtic alliance versus Anglo Saxon. It aimed to settle once and for all whether Britain would be controlled by a single imperial power or remain several separate independent kingdoms, a split in perceptions which is still very much with us today'. However, historian suggested that it was who was solely 'responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood' in the 13th century., 'a complex amalgam' of,,, and origins, was not finally forged until the against the in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Medieval tapestry showing, a legendary ruler who had a leading role in the, a used as propaganda for the ancestral origins of the and their. Though was conquered by England, and its legal system replaced by that of the under the, the Welsh endured as a distinct from, and to some degree the, although conquered into England by the 11th century, also retained a distinct Brittonic identity and language. Later, with both an and a,, under the counsel of, advocated a union with the, joining England, Wales, and Scotland in a united Protestant Great Britain.

The Duke of Somerset supported the unification of the English, Welsh and Scots under the 'indifferent old name of Britons' on the basis that their monarchies 'both derived from a Pre-Roman British monarchy'. Following the death of in 1603, the throne of England was inherited by James VI, King of Scots, so that the and the were united in a under, an event referred to as the. King James advocated full between England and Scotland, and on 20 October 1604 proclaimed his assumption of the 'King of Great Britain', though this title was rejected by both the and the, and so had no basis in either.

Union and the development of Britishness [ ]. On 12 April 1606, the representing the between the Kingdoms of and was specified in a royal decree. The and were 'joined together.

To be published to our Subjects.' Despite centuries of military and religious conflict, the Kingdoms of England and Scotland had been 'drawing increasingly together' since the of the 16th century and the Union of the Crowns in 1603. A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the ) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples. The of 1688 resulted in a pair of of the English and Scottish legislatures—the and respectively—which ensured that the shared of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament in 1606, 1667, and 1689 were unsuccessful; increased political management of Scottish affairs from England had led to 'criticism', and strained Anglo-Scottish relations. While English maritime explorations during the gave new-found imperial power and wealth to the English and Welsh at the end of the 17th century, Scotland suffered from a long-standing weak economy. In response, the Scottish kingdom, in opposition to, commenced the, an attempt to establish a Scottish imperial outlet—the of New Caledonia—on the.

However, through a combination of disease, Spanish hostility, Scottish mismanagement and opposition to the scheme by the East India Company and the English government (who did not want to provoke the Spanish into war) this imperial venture ended in 'catastrophic failure' with an estimated '25% of Scotland's total liquid capital' lost. The events of the Darien Scheme, and the passing by the English Parliament of the asserting the right to choose the for English, Scottish and Irish thrones, escalated political hostilities between England and Scotland, and neutralised calls for a united British people. The Parliament of Scotland responded by passing the, allowing it to appoint a different monarch to succeed to the Scottish crown from that of England, if it so wished.

The English political perspective was that the appointment of a monarchy in Scotland opened up the possibility of a Franco-Scottish military conquest of England during the and. The Parliament of England passed the, which provided that Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as and estates held by Scots would be treated as alien property, whilst also restricting the of Scottish products into England and its colonies (about half of Scotland's trade). However, the Act contained a provision that it would be suspended if the Parliament of Scotland entered into negotiations regarding the creation of a unified, which in turn would refund Scottish financial losses on the Darien Scheme. Union of Scotland and England [ ] Despite opposition from within both Scotland and England, a was agreed in 1706 and was then ratified by the parliaments of both countries with the passing of the. With effect from 1 May 1707, this created a new sovereign state called the '. This kingdom 'began as a hostile merger', but led to a 'full partnership in the most powerful in the world'; historian stated that 'it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history'. After 1707, a British national identity began to develop, though it was initially resisted, particularly by the English.

The peoples of Great Britain had by the 1750s begun to assume a 'layered identity': to think of themselves as simultaneously British and also Scottish, English, or Welsh. By (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) combines events from several moments during the ' —a major British naval victory upon which Britishness has drawn influence. The terms and were devised for the Scots and the English respectively, with the former gaining some preference in Scotland, particularly by the economists and philosophers of the.

Indeed, it was the 'Scots [who] played key roles in shaping the contours of British identity'; 'their scepticism about the Union allowed the Scots the space and time in which to dominate the construction of Britishness in its early crucial years', drawing upon the notion of a shared 'spirit of liberty common to both Saxon and Celt. Against the usurpation of the Church of Rome'.

Was a poet and playwright born to a minister in the in 1700 who was interested in forging a common British culture and national identity in this way. In collaboration with, they wrote, an opera about 's victory against the performed to in 1740 to commemorate the accession of and the birthday of. ' was the climactic piece of the opera and quickly became a ' British patriotic song celebrating 'Britain's supremacy offshore'. An with a series of victories for the associated empire and 'inextricably with ideals of Britishness and Britain's place in the world'., the new of Great Britain, was established in the 1750s as a representation of 'nation and empire rather than any single national hero'. On Britannia and British identity, historian Peter Borsay wrote: Up until 1797 Britannia was conventionally depicted holding a spear, but as a consequence of the increasingly prominent role of the Royal Navy in the war against the French, and of several spectacular victories, the spear was replaced by a trident. The navy had come to be seen.as the very bulwark of British liberty and the essence of what it was to be British. From the Union of 1707 through to the in 1815, Great Britain was 'involved in successive, very dangerous wars with Catholic France', but which 'all brought enough military and naval victories.

To flatter British pride'. As the with the advanced, 'the English and Scottish learned to define themselves as similar primarily by virtue of not being French or Catholic'. In combination with sea power and empire, the notion of Britishness became more 'closely bound up with Protestantism', a cultural commonality through which the English, Scots and Welsh became 'fused together, and remain[ed] so, despite their many cultural divergences'. The neo-classical monuments that proliferated at the end of the 18th century and the start of the 19th, such as at, were attempts to meld the concepts of Britishness with the of. The new and expanding provided 'unprecedented opportunities for upward mobility and the accumulations of wealth', and so the 'Scottish, Welsh and Irish populations were prepared to suppress nationalist issues on pragmatic grounds'. The British Empire was 'crucial to the idea of a British identity and to the self-image of Britishness'.

Indeed, the Scottish welcomed Britishness during the 19th century 'for it offered a context within which they could hold on to their own identity whilst participating in, and benefiting from, the expansion of the [British] Empire'. Similarly, the 'new emphasis of Britishness was broadly welcomed by the Welsh who considered themselves to be the lineal descendants of the ancient Britons – a word that was still used to refer exclusively to the Welsh'. For the English, however, by the their enthusiastic adoption of Britishness had meant that, for them, Britishness 'meant the same as 'Englishness', so much so that 'Englishness and Britishness' and 'England' and 'Britain' were used interchangeably in a variety of contexts'. Britishness came to borrow [ ] heavily from English political history because England had 'always been the dominant component of the British Isles in terms of size, population and power';, and hostility to were English factors that influenced British sensibilities. Union with Ireland [ ] The of the predominantly Catholic with Great Britain, coupled with the outbreak of peace with France in the early 19th century, challenged the previous century's concept of militant Protestant Britishness.

The new, expanded meant that the state had to re-evaluate its position on the civil rights of Catholics, and extend its definition of Britishness to the. Like the terms that had been invented at the time of the Acts of Union 1707, ' was introduced for the Irish after 1800. In 1832, an Irish politician who campaigned for, stated in Britain's: are ready to become a portion of the, provided they be made so in reality and not in name alone; they are ready to become a kind of West Briton if made so in benefits and justice; but if not, we are Irishmen again., was marked by a succession of economic and political mismanagement and neglect, which marginalised the Irish, and advanced.

In the forty years that followed the Union, successive British governments grappled with the problems of governing a country which had as, a staunch anti-Irish and anti-Catholic member of the Conservative party with a virulent racial and religious prejudice towards Ireland put it in 1844, 'a starving population, an absentee aristocracy, and an alien Church, and in addition the weakest executive in the world'. Although the vast majority of proclaimed themselves 'simultaneously Irish and British', even for them there was a strain upon the adoption of Britishness after the. War continued to be a unifying factor for the people of Great Britain: British jingoism re-emerged during the in. The experience of military, political and economic power from the rise of the British Empire led to a very specific drive in artistic technique, taste and sensibility for Britishness. In 1887, wrote: Morally, we Britons plant the British flag on every peak and pass; and wherever the Union Jack floats there we place the cardinal British institutions—tea, tubs, sanitary appliances, lawn tennis, and churches. The reflected a 'marked change in attitudes' in Great Britain towards Catholics and Catholicism. A 'significant' example of this was the collaboration between, an 'ardent Roman Catholic' and son of a Frenchman, and Sir, 'a confirmed Protestant', in redesigning the —'the building that most enshrines.

Britain's national and imperial pre-tensions'. Protestantism gave way to as the leading element of British national identity during the Victorian and, and as such, a series of royal, imperial and national celebrations were introduced to the British people to assert imperial British culture and give themselves a sense of uniqueness, superiority and national consciousness. And jubilees of were introduced to the British, but quickly 'merged into a national 'tradition'. Modern period [ ]. A famous -era, stressing the concept of British national identity The 'reinforced the sense of Britishness' and patriotism in the early 20th century. Through war service (including conscription in Great Britain), 'the English, Welsh, Scots and Irish fought as British'.

The aftermath of the war institutionalised British national commemoration through and the. The had a similar unifying effect upon the British people, however, its outcome was to recondition Britishness on a basis of and its marked contrast to. Notions that the British 'constituted an Island race, and that it stood for democracy were reinforced during the war and they were circulated in the country through 's speeches, history books and newspapers'.

At its international zenith, 'Britishness joined peoples around the world in shared traditions and common loyalties that were strenuously maintained'. But following the two world wars, the British Empire experienced rapid. The secession of the from the United Kingdom meant that Britishness had lost 'its Irish dimension' in 1922, and the shrinking empire supplanted by independence movements dwindled the appeal of British identity in the during the mid-20th century. Since the and the subsequent mass from the Commonwealth and elsewhere in the world, 'the expression and experience of cultural life in Britain has become fragmented and reshaped by the influences of gender, ethnicity, class and region'. Furthermore, the United Kingdom's membership of the in 1973 eroded the concept of Britishness as distinct from. As such, since the 1970s 'there has been a sense of crisis about what it has meant to be British', exacerbated by growing demands for greater political autonomy for,, and. The late 20th century saw major changes to the with the establishment of national administrations for Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales following pre-legislative.

Calls for greater autonomy for the four had existed since their original union with each other, but gathered pace in the 1960s and 1970s. Devolution has led to 'increasingly assertive Scottish, Welsh and Irish national identities', resulting in more diverse cultural expressions of Britishness, or else its outright rejection:, a politician active in the late 20th century, rebuffed Britishness as 'a political synonym for Englishness which extends English culture over the Scots, Welsh and the Irish'.

Britons gathered in to hear 's victory speech on 8 May 1945 In 2004 Sir, political theorist and tasked with developing the said: Britishness, to me, is an overarching political and legal concept: it signifies allegiance to the laws, government and broad moral and political concepts—like tolerance and freedom of expression—that hold the United Kingdom together.,, initiated a debate on British identity in 2006. Brown's speech to the 's Britishness Conference proposed that British values demand a new constitutional settlement and symbols to represent a modern patriotism, including a new youth community service scheme and a to celebrate. One of the central issues identified at the Fabian Society conference was how the English identity fits within the framework of a devolved United Kingdom. An expression of 's initiative to promote Britishness was the inaugural which was first held on 27 June 2006. As well as celebrating the achievements of armed forces veterans, Brown's speech at the first event for the celebration said: Scots and people from the rest of the UK share the purpose—that Britain has something to say to the rest of the world about the values of freedom, democracy and the dignity of the people that you stand up for. So at a time when people can talk about football and devolution and money, it is important that we also remember the values that we share in common.

Geographic distribution [ ]. The was approved by Australian and British authorities, and features a —the —in the canton. Australia has one of the largest concentrations of people of British heritage. From the until after the Second World War, people from the United Kingdom made up a large majority of people coming to Australia, meaning that many people born in Australia can trace their origins to Britain. The colony of, founded on 26 January 1788, was part of the eastern half of Australia claimed by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1770, and initially settled by Britons through. Together with another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies, the was achieved on 1 January 1901. Its history of British dominance meant that Australia was 'grounded in British culture and political traditions that had been transported to the Australian colonies in the nineteenth century and become part of colonial culture and politics'.

Australia maintains the of Parliamentary Government and as. Until 1987, the national status of Australian citizens was formally described as 'British Subject: Citizen of Australia'. Britons continue to make up a substantial proportion of immigrants. British overseas territories [ ] The approximately 250,000 people of the are British by, via origins. Along with aspects of common British identity, each of them has their own distinct identity shaped in the respective particular circumstances of political, economic, ethnic, social and cultural history.

For instance, in the case of the, Lewis Clifton the of the, explains: British cultural, economic, social, political and educational values create a unique British-like, Falkland Islands. Yet Islanders feel distinctly different from their fellow citizens who reside in the United Kingdom. This might have something to do with geographical isolation or with living on a smaller island—perhaps akin to those Britons not feeling European.

In contrast, for the majority of the, who live in, there is an 'insistence on their Britishness' which 'carries excessive loyalty' to Britain. The sovereignty of Gibraltar has been a point of contention in, but an overwhelming number of Gibraltarians embrace Britishness with strong conviction, in direct opposition to. Postage stamp with portrait of, 1954 In 1867 there was a union of three colonies with British North America which together formed the, a.

This began an and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the and culminating in the, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the. Nevertheless, it is recognised that there is a 'continuing importance of Canada's long and close relationship with Britain'; large parts of Canada's modern population claim 'British origins' and the cultural impact of the British upon Canada's institutions is profound. It was not until 1977 that the phrase 'A Canadian citizen is a British subject' ceased to be used in Canadian passports. The are strongly influenced by British political culture.

Although significant modifications have been made, Canada is governed by a democratic parliamentary framework comparable to the, and retains as and Head of State. English is an official language used in Canada. Coat of arms of, with the Union Flag., facing the Pacific Ocean, has a large British presence. Over 50,000 British from 1840 to 1914. A significant number of them settled in, especially in the city of when it flourished as a major global seaport for ships crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Strait of Magellan. Around 32,000 English settled in, influencing the port city to the extent of making it virtually a British colony during the last decades of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. However, the opening of the in 1914 and the outbreak of the drove many of them away from the city or back to Europe.

In, they created their largest and most important colony, bringing with them neighbourhoods of British character, schools,,, and. Even today their influence is apparent in specific areas, such as the banks and the navy, as well as in certain social activities, such as, horse racing, and the custom of drinking tea. During the movement for (1818), it was mainly the British who formed the, under the command of. British investment helped Chile become prosperous and British seamen helped the Chilean navy become a strong force in the South Pacific. Chile won two wars, the first against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation and the second, the, in 1878–79, against an alliance between and. The liberal-socialist 'Revolution of 1891' introduced political reforms modelled on British parliamentary practice and lawmaking. British immigrants were also important in the northern zone of the country during the boom, in the ports of and.

The 'King of Saltpetre',, was the principal tycoon of nitrate mining. The British legacy is reflected in the streets of the historic district of the city of Iquique, with the foundation of various institutions, such as the (Racing Club).

Nevertheless, the British active presence came to an end with the saltpetre crisis during the 1930s. Some settled in the country's more temperate regions, where the climate and the forested landscape with glaciers and islands may have reminded them of their homeland (the Highlands and Northern Scotland) while and made up the rest.

The Irish immigrants, who were frequently confused with the British, arrived as, and sailors, settling along with the British in the main trading cities and ports. An important contingent of British (principally Welsh) immigrants arrived between 1914 and 1950, settling in the present-day region of. British families were established in other areas of the country, such as,, the, and. The cultural legacy of the British in Chile is notable and has spread beyond the British Chilean community into society at large.

Customs taken from the British include (called by Chileans),, and. Another legacy is the widespread use of British personal names by Chileans. Chile has the largest population of descendants of British settlers in Latin America. Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, and ) origin, amounting to 4.5% of Chile's population. New Zealand [ ]. See also: and A long-term result of 's voyage of 1768–71, a significant number of New Zealanders are of British descent, for whom a sense of Britishness has contributed to their identity. As late as the 1950s, it was common for British New Zealanders to refer to themselves as British, such as when Prime Minister described Sir 's successful ascent of as putting 'the British race and New Zealand on top of the world'.

Described nationals as 'British Subject: Citizen of New Zealand' until 1974, when this was changed to 'New Zealand citizen'. In an interview with the in 2006,, the then, said: British immigrants fit in here very well. My own ancestry is all British. New Zealand values are British values, derived from centuries of struggle since Magna Carta. Those things make New Zealand the society it is.

The are strongly influenced by British political culture. Although significant modifications have been made, New Zealand is governed by a democratic parliamentary framework comparable to the, and retains as the head of the. English is the dominant official language used in New Zealand.

Hong Kong [ ]. This section does not any.

Unsourced material may be challenged and. (November 2012) () British nationality law as it pertains to has been unusual ever since Hong Kong became a in 1842. From its beginning as a sparsely populated trading port to its modern role as a cosmopolitan international financial centre of over seven million people, the territory has attracted refugees, immigrants and expatriates alike searching for a new life. Citizenship matters were complicated by the fact that treated those born in Hong Kong as (although they did not enjoy full rights and citizenship), while the (PRC) did not recognise Hong Kong Chinese as such.

The main reason for this was that recognising these people as British was seen as a tacit acceptance of a series of historical treaties that the PRC labelled as 'unequal', including the ones which ceded, the and the to Britain. The British government, however, recognising the unique political situation of Hong Kong, granted 3.4 million Hong Kongers a new type of nationality known as, which is established in accordance with the Hong Kong Act 1985. Among those 3.4 million people, there are many British Nationals (Overseas) who are eligible for full British citizenship. Both British Nationals (Overseas) and British citizens are British nationals and according to the British Nationality Law, which enables them to various rights in the and the. South Africa [ ]. The 6th (divided between two provinces in modern-day South Africa) and founder of the diamond company. The British arrived in the area which would become the modern-day during the early 18th century, yet substantial settlement only started end of the 18th century, in the; the British first explored the area for conquests for or related to the Slave Trade.

In the late 19th century, the discovery of gold and diamonds further encouraged colonisation of South Africa by the British, and the population of the British-South Africans rose substantially, although there was fierce rivalry between the British and (descendants of Dutch colonists) in the period known as the. When apartheid first started most British-South Africans were mostly keen on keeping and even strengthening its ties with the United Kingdom. The latest census in South Africa showed that there are almost 2 million British-South Africans; they make up about 40% of the total demographic, and the greatest white British ancestry populations in South Africa are in the province and in cities such as and. From; a founding member of the; was one of the most decorated British soldiers of World War II.

He also played rugby for Ireland. Plantations of Ireland introduced large numbers of people from Great Britain to throughout the Middle Ages and. The resulting, the aristocratic class of the, broadly identified themselves as. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Protestant British settlers subjugated Catholic, Gaelic inhabitants in the north of Ireland during the and the; it was 'an explicit attempt to control Ireland strategically by introducing ethnic and religious elements loyal to the British interest in Ireland'.

The are an ethnic group of British origin in Ireland, broadly descended from who settled in large numbers in the Province of during the planned process of of Ireland which took place in the reign of James VI of Scotland and I of England. Together with English and Welsh settlers, these Scots introduced Protestantism (particularly the of the ) and the and to, mainly, northeastern Ireland. With the partition of Ireland and independence for what is now the some of these people found themselves no longer living within the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland itself was, for many years, the site of a violent and bitter ethno-sectarian conflict——between those claiming to represent, who are predominantly, and those claiming to represent, who are predominantly. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom, while nationalists desire a. Since the signing of the in 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns, and constitutionally, the have been recognised as 'all persons born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any restriction on their period of residence'. The Good Friday Agreement guarantees the 'recognition of the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both, as they may so choose'.

United States [ ]. See also:,, and An English presence in North America began with the and in the late-16th century, but the first successful English settlement was established in 1607, on the. By the 1610s an estimated 1,300 English people had travelled to North America, the 'first of many millions from the British Isles'. In 1620 the established the English imperial venture of, beginning 'a remarkable acceleration of permanent emigration from England' with over 60% of trans-Atlantic English migrants settling in the. During the 17th century an estimated 350,000 English and Welsh migrants arrived in North America, which in the century after the was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants. The British policy of for its North American colonies intended to minimise trade restrictions as a way of ensuring they stayed loyal to British interests.

This permitted the development of the, a cultural spirit distinct from that of its European founders. The of began an armed rebellion against British rule in 1775 when they rejected the of the to govern them; they proclaimed their independence in 1776, and constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a in 1781 with the ratification of the. The represented Great Britain's formal acknowledgement of the United States' sovereignty at the end of the. Nevertheless, longstanding cultural and historical ties have, in more modern times, resulted in the, the historically close political, diplomatic, and military co-operation between the., a professor of history at and specialist in Britishness, suggested that because of their colonial influence on the United States, the British find Americans a 'mysterious and paradoxical people, physically distant but culturally close, engagingly similar yet irritatingly different'. Today [ ], 838,000 people in the United States identified themselves as born in Britain. See also: Result from the expansion of the, British cultural influence can be observed in the language and culture of a geographically wide assortment of countries such as,,,,,, the, and the.

These states are sometimes collectively known as the. As well as the British influence on its empire, the empire also influenced British culture, particularly.

Innovations and movements within the wider- have also changed the United Kingdom;,, and have developed from broader. As a result of the, the,,, and are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness. A popular throughout the United Kingdom, has been described as the quintessential British dish. Historically, has meant 'unfussy dishes made with quality local ingredients, matched with simple sauces to accentuate flavour, rather than disguise it'.

It has been 'vilified as unimaginative and heavy', and traditionally been limited in its international recognition to the and the. This is despite British cuisine having absorbed the culinary influences of those who have, resulting in hybrid dishes such as the, hailed by some as 'Britain's true national dish'. And animal breeding produced a wide variety of foodstuffs for Celts and Britons.

The Anglo-Saxons developed meat and savoury herb stewing techniques before the practice became common in Europe. The introduced exotic spices into Britain in the Middle Ages. The British Empire facilitated a knowledge of of 'strong, penetrating spices and herbs'., imposed by the British government during wartime periods of the 20th century, are said to have been the stimulus for British cuisine's poor international reputation. British dishes include, the, and. British cuisine has several national and regional varieties, including, and, each of which has developed its own regional or local dishes, many of which are such as,, the,, and. The British are the second largest per capita consumers in the world, consuming an average of 2.1 kilograms (4.6 lb) per person each year.

Dates back to the 19th century, when was part of the and British interests controlled tea production in the subcontinent. Languages [ ]. Further information:,, and There is no single British language, though is by far the main language spoken by British citizens, being spoken monolingually by more than 70% of the UK population. English is therefore the official language of the United Kingdom. However, under the, the,,,,,, and languages are officially recognised as Regional or Minority languages by the UK Government. As which continue to be spoken as a first language by native inhabitants, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic have a different legal status from other minority languages. In some parts of the UK, some of these languages are commonly spoken as a first language; in wider areas, their use in a bilingual context is sometimes supported and/or promoted by central and/or local government policy.

For naturalisation purposes, a competence standard of English, Scottish Gaelic or Welsh is required to pass the. However, English is used routinely, and although considered culturally important, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh are much less used. Throughout the United Kingdom there are distinctive spoken expressions and, which are seen to be symptomatic of a locality's culture and identity. An awareness and knowledge of accents in the United Kingdom can 'place, within a few miles, the locality in which a man or woman has grown up'. Literature [ ]. Is an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts held across the United Kingdom.

The Last Night of the Proms celebrates British tradition with patriotic. Although cinema, theatre, dance and live music are popular, the favourite pastime of the British is watching. Public broadcast began in 1936, with the launch of the BBC Television Service (now ).

In the United Kingdom and the, one must have a to legally receive any broadcast television service, from any source. This includes the commercial channels, cable and satellite transmissions, and the. Revenue generated from the television licence is used to provide radio, television and Internet content for the, and Welsh language television programmes for. The BBC, the common abbreviation of the British Broadcasting Corporation, is the world's largest. Unlike other broadcasters in the UK, it is a,, run by the. Terrestrial television channels available on a national basis are,,, ( in Wales), and. Was a list compiled by the in 2000, chosen by a poll of industry professionals, to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened.

Topping the list was, a set in a fictional hotel starring. 'British musical tradition is essentially vocal', dominated by the and, most greatly influenced by and. However, the specific, traditional and is distinct, and of the.

In the United Kingdom, more people attend live music performances than football matches. Was born in the mid-20th century out of the influence of and from the United States. Major early exports were,, and. Together with other bands from the United Kingdom, these constituted the, a popularisation of British pop and rock music in the United States. Into the 1970s,, and.

Is a subgenre of that emerged from the British scene of the early 1990s and was characterised by bands reviving British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. Leading exponents of Britpop were, and.

Also popularised in the United Kingdom during the 1990s were several domestically produced varieties of;,,, which in turn have influenced and in the 2000s. Are the 's annual awards for both international and. Religion [ ].

Is used for the, who are also made the head of the. Historically, has been the most influential and important religion in Britain, and it remains the declared faith of the majority of the British people. The influence of Christianity on British culture has been 'widespread, extending beyond the spheres of prayer and worship. Churches and cathedrals make a significant contribution to the architectural landscape of the nation's cities and towns' whilst 'many schools and hospitals were founded by men and women who were strongly influenced by Christian motives'.

Throughout the United Kingdom, and, the 'two most important events in the Christian calendar', are recognised as. Christianity remains the major religion of the population of the United Kingdom in the 21st century, followed by,, and then in terms of numbers of adherents. The 2007 Survey revealed 53% identified themselves as Christian, which was similar to the 2004, and to the in which 71.6% said that Christianity was their religion, However, the Tearfund Survey showed only one in ten Britons attend church weekly.

Was advanced in Britain during the, and modern British organisations such as the and the offer the opportunity for their members to 'debate and explore the moral and philosophical issues in a non-religious setting'. The that led to the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain ensured that there would be a succession as well as a link between that still remains.

The () is legally recognised as the, and so retains representation in the through the, whilst the is a member of the church as well as its. The Church of England also retains the right to draft legislative measures (related to religious administration) through the that can then be passed into law by Parliament. The is the second largest Christian church with around five million members, mainly in England. There are also growing, and churches, with Pentecostal churches in England now third after the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church in terms of church attendance. Other large Christian groups include and. The (known informally as ), is recognised as the of Scotland and not subject to state control.

The British monarch is an ordinary member and is required to swear an oath to 'defend the security' of the church upon his or her accession. The is Scotland's second largest Christian church, with followers representing a sixth of the population of Scotland. The, which is part of the Anglican Communion, dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690, when it split from the Church of Scotland over matters of theology and ritual. Further splits in the Church of Scotland, especially in the 19th century, led to the creation of other Presbyterian churches in Scotland, including the. In the 1920s, the became independent from the Church of England and became ' but remains in the. Methodism and other Protestant churches have had a major presence in Wales. The main are organised on an basis.

Though collectively Protestants constitute the overall majority, the is the largest single church. The, closely linked to the Church of Scotland in terms of theology and history, is the second largest church followed by the (Anglican) which was disestablished in the 19th century. The British gold medalist relay team of the 2008. Is an important element of British culture, and is one of the most popular leisure activities of Britons.

Assyst Cad Software Download there. Within the United Kingdom, nearly half of all adults partake in one or more sporting activity each week. Some of the major sports in the United Kingdom 'were invented by the British', including,, and, and 'exported various other games' including,,,, and. In most sports, separate organisations, teams and clubs represent the individual at international level, though in some sports, like rugby union, an all-Ireland team represents both Northern Ireland and the Republic, and the represent the isles as a whole.

The UK is represented by a single team at the and at the, the won 65 medals: 29 gold (the most since the ), 17 silver and 19 bronze, ranking them 3rd. In total, sportsmen and women from the UK 'hold over 50 world titles in a variety of sports, such as professional boxing, rowing, snooker, squash and motorcycle sports'. A 2006 poll found that association football was the most popular sport in the UK. In England 320 football clubs are affiliated to (FA) and more than 42,000 clubs to regional or district associations. The FA, founded in 1863, and the Football League, founded in 1888, were both the first of their kind in the world. In Scotland there are 78 full and associate clubs and nearly 6,000 registered clubs under the jurisdiction of the.

Two Welsh clubs play in England's Football League, one in the Premier league, and others at non-league level, whilst the contains 20 semi-professional clubs. In Northern Ireland, 12 semi-professional clubs play in the, the second oldest league in the world., particularly, is one of the most popular participation activities in the United Kingdom, with an estimated 3—4 million anglers in the country. The most widely practised form of angling in is for while in Scotland angling is usually for and. Visual art and architecture [ ]. Further information: and For centuries, artists and architects in Britain were overwhelmingly influenced. Amongst the first visual artists credited for developing a distinctly British aesthetic and artistic style is.

The experience of military, political and economic power from the rise of the, led to a very specific drive in artistic technique, taste and sensibility in the United Kingdom. Britons used their art 'to illustrate their knowledge and command of the natural world', whilst the permanent settlers in British North America, Australasia, and South Africa 'embarked upon a search for distinctive artistic expression appropriate to their sense of national identity'.

The empire has been 'at the centre, rather than in the margins, of the history of British art', and imperial British visual arts have been fundamental to the construction, celebration and expression of Britishness. British attitudes to were 'polarised' at the end of the 19th century. Modernist movements were both cherished and vilified by artists and critics; was initially regarded by 'many conservative critics' as a 'subversive foreign influence', but became 'fully assimilated' into British art during the early-20th century. Was described by during the as 'necessarily. Revolutionary', and was studied and produced to such an extent that by the 1950s, was effectively void in British visual art., contemporary British art, particularly that of the, has been pre-occupied with, and 'characterised by a fundamental concern with material culture.

Perceived as a post-imperial cultural anxiety'. Is diverse; most influential developments have usually taken place in England, but Ireland, Scotland, and Wales have at various times played leading roles in architectural history. Although there are prehistoric and classical structures in the British Isles, British architecture effectively begins with the first Anglo-Saxon Christian churches, built soon after arrived in Great Britain in 597. Was built on a vast scale from the 11th century onwards in the form of castles and churches to help impose Norman authority upon their dominion., which flourished between 1180 until around 1520, was initially imported from France, but quickly developed its own unique qualities. Secular throughout Britain has left a legacy of large stone, with the 'finest examples' being found lining both sides of the, dating from the of the 14th century. The invention of gunpowder and canons made castles redundant, and the which followed facilitiated the development of new artistic styles for domestic architecture:,, and.

And advanced after the. Outwith the United Kingdom, the influence of British architecture is particularly strong in, the result of in the 19th century. The Indian cities of,, and each have courts, hotels and designed in British architectural styles of and. Political culture [ ]. The is a which houses the. British political culture is tied closely with its institutions and, and a 'subtle fusion of new and old values'.

The principle of, with its notions of stable and, 'have come to dominate British culture'. These views have been reinforced by Sir who said: To be British seems to us to mean that we respect the laws, the elected parliamentary and democratic political structures, traditional values of mutual tolerance, respect for equal rights and mutual concern; that we give our allegiance to the state (as commonly symbolised by ) in return for its protection. British political institutions include the, the and. Although the Privy Council is primarily a British institution, officials from other Commonwealth realms are also appointed to the body.

The most notable continuing instance is the, its senior politicians, Chief Justice and Court of Appeal judges are conventionally made Privy Counsellors, as the prime ministers and chief justices of Canada and Australia used to be. Prime Ministers of Commonwealth countries which retain the as their sovereign continue to be sworn as Privy Counsellors. For all males over 21 was granted in 1918 and for adult women in 1928 after the. Politics in the United Kingdom is, with three dominant political parties: the, the and the. The, specifically, has 'long been pre-eminent among the factors used to explain party allegiance', and still persists as 'the dominant basis' of party political allegiance for Britons. The Conservative Party is descended from the historic (founded in England in 1678), and is a political party, which traditionally draws support from the.

The Labour Party (founded by Scotsman ) grew out of the movement and political parties of the 19th century, and continues to describe itself as a 'democratic socialist party'. Labour states that it stands for the representation of the low-paid, who have traditionally been its members and voters. The is the third largest political party in the UK in terms of both party membership and representation in parliament, having won 56 out of 59 Scottish seats at the 2015 General Election. The are a political party, and third largest in England in terms of membership and MPs elected. It is descended from the, a major of 19th century Britain through to the First World War, when it was supplanted by the Labour Party. The Liberal Democrats have historically drawn support from wide and 'differing social backgrounds'.

There are over 300 other, smaller registered to the. Classification [ ]. See also:,, and According to the, there are broadly two interpretations of British identity, with ethnic and civic dimensions: The first group, which we term the ethnic dimension, contained the items about birthplace, ancestry, living in Britain, and sharing British customs and traditions. The second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Of the two perspectives of British identity, the civic definition has become 'the dominant idea.

By far', and in this capacity, Britishness is sometimes considered an institutional or overarching identity. This has been used to explain why first-, second- and third-generation immigrants are more likely to describe themselves as British, rather than English, because it is an 'institutional, inclusive' identity, that can be acquired through and; the vast majority of people in the United Kingdom who are from an ethnic minority feel British. However, this attitude is more common in England than in Scotland or Wales; 'white English people perceived themselves as English first and as British second, and most people from ethnic minority backgrounds perceived themselves as British, but none identified as English, a label they associated exclusively with white people'. Contrawise, in Scotland and Wales, and ethnic minority people both identified more strongly with Scotland and Wales than with Britain. Studies and surveys have 'reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis'. The found that with respect to notions of in Britain, 'the most basic, objective and uncontroversial conception of the British people is one that includes the English, the Scots and the Welsh'.

Ezy Invoice 10 Keygens. However, 'English participants tended to think of themselves as indistinguishably English or British, while both Scottish and Welsh participants identified themselves much more readily as Scottish or Welsh than as British'. Some persons opted 'to combine both identities' as 'they felt Scottish or Welsh, but held a and were therefore British', whereas others saw themselves as exclusively Scottish or exclusively Welsh and 'felt quite divorced from the British, whom they saw as the English'. Commentators have described this latter phenomenon as ', a rejection of British identity because some Scots and Welsh interpret it as 'cultural imperialism imposed' upon the United Kingdom by 'English ruling elites', or else a response to a historical misappropriation of equating the word 'English' with 'British', which has 'brought about a desire among Scots, Welsh and Irish to learn more about their heritage and distinguish themselves from the broader British identity'. See also [ ] • • • • Sources [ ] References [ ].

Retrieved • ^ See the article entitled. • See: – The reported in 2009 that 40,234,652 Americans identified themselves as having English, Scottish, Welsh and Ulster-Scottish ancestry.

1,172,050 reported to have British ancestry. 19 November 2011 at the.

• ^,, 11 December 2006, retrieved 24 May 2009 • reported in 2006 that 6,570,015 Canadians identified themselves as having English ancestry, 4,719,850 Scottish, 440,965 Welsh and 403,915 from the (other than English, Scottish, Welsh or Irish). See: (2006),,, statcan.ca, retrieved 27 May 2009 • The in 2011 showed that 7,238,500 Australians reported having English ancestry, and 1,792,600 reported having Scottish ancestry. The most commonly reported ancestry was English (36.1% of the population).

Scottish ancestry was reported by 8.3% of the population. See: (21 June 2012),, abs.gov.au, retrieved 1 May 2014 In 2006, 63% of the population had reported British ancestry. See: Mansouri, Fethi, and Michele Lobo, Migration, Citizenship, and Intercultural Relations: Looking Through the Lens of Social Inclusion. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011, p.30 • ^,, 11 December 2006, retrieved 13 April 2009 • The Committee Office, House of Commons.. Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Retrieved 26 February 2014. • (4 February 2009),, stats.govt.nz, archived from on 19 February 2008, retrieved 18 May 2009 • (PDF). Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 26 June 2013. [ ] The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409 and the total population was 51,770,560.

• ^, biografiadechile.cl, retrieved 15 September 2009 • Erwin Dopf.. Retrieved 8 April 2014. • Chavez, Lydia (23 June 1985),, The New York Times, retrieved 21 May 2009 •.

The National. 21 November 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2014. 22 April 2014. • Erwin Dopf..

Retrieved 8 April 2014. • ^, local.live.com, 13 April 2007, retrieved 24 May 2009 • Gishkori, Zahid (30 July 2015)...

Retrieved 3 August 2017. As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as immigrants in the country, higher than any other country,” Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added. • ^,, 11 December 2006, retrieved 24 May 2009 •,, 11 December 2006, retrieved 24 May 2009 • ^,, 11 December 2006, retrieved 24 May 2009 •. Statistics Norway. 1 January 2009. Archived from on 15 November 2011.

Retrieved 16 December 2011. •,, 11 December 2006, retrieved 24 May 2009 •,, 11 December 2006, retrieved 24 May 2009 • ^,, 11 December 2006, retrieved 24 May 2009 •.. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2015. Figure given is the central estimate.

See the source for 95 per cent. • Cfr., Sched. 50 (1), the includes the and the for the purposes of nationality law.